Rapidgate

Leaf has put a limitation in the software to limit fast charging several times in a row - on the same day. The phenomenon is hashtagged #rapidgate. This is probably done to prevent damage to the battery due to a lack of active battery cooling. Cars that are delivered to cold regions have battery heaters that are primarily intended to protect the batteries from being destroyed in extreme cold - not to provide an optimal operating temperature.

The most usable small van

Posted 14/01/2021 by Terje Bjørnstad

The Nissan e-NV200 40 kwh is not the world's best electric car, but currently the most usable small van in terms of range. We have spent a cold winter day with it.

First in Norway

Currently, the selection of small electric vans is not very large. The old ones are still the oldest, - Renault Kangoo and Nissan e-NV200 were the first. Later came the Citroen Berlingo. At the moment, the Nissan with a 40 kwh battery seems to be "most usable" in terms of size and range. Soon, the Peugeot Partner, Citroen Berlingo and Opel Combo will come with a new drivetrain, probably based on the PSA group's 50 kwh batteries. Electric vans from China have started to roll on Norwegian roads. The BYD T3 looks exactly like the Nissan e-NV200 and has a 50 kwh battery. The Maxus e-Delivery 3 is a larger van with a 52,5 kWh battery. Maxus is used by Posten and Bring, among others.

Nissan e-NV200 on winter roads

There are several electric vans for rent in Oslo, but few with an OK range. Fortunately, I found an e-NV200 40 kwh from Bislet Bilutleie. When I stood a little later on Grünerløkka in front of a snow-covered van in minus 7 degrees, I got cold feet. I imagined a cold car, windows that rimmed from the inside and dead batteries. But the fear was totally unfounded. Fully charged battery and spontaneous hot air directly on the windows, heat in the seats and on the steering wheel. Just to go! The small streets were icy in places. I noticed that the car let go quite easily on the front wheels. It can certainly be attributed to the tires being two years old.

Easy to maneuver

I don't think there is any van that is easier to drive than the Nissan e-NV200. It is ideal for narrow city streets. Not too wide and with a super turning radius. Easy on the steering. As easy to maneuver as an electric forklift. You sit a little higher than in other vans. When I was behind other small vans like the Peugeot Partner and Volkswagen Caddy, my field of vision was over the roof of them. The good overview makes it easy to find your way around the city.

On the road

At speed, you can hear a faint whine from the electric motor - a kind of tram noise. - Doors closing! zzzz… The sound is in no way annoying, only charming. The engine delivers enough power, even with a 280 kg load – but the e-NV200 does not invite you to test the limits. I know of a place where there is a big bump in the middle of a corner where it is possible to test the chassis at good speed. There are no vans that like this point on the road. With a rigid rear axle and rear leaf springs, the Nissan is no exception. It is easy to lose traction here.

Good for the back

I sat right into the seat without adjusting it. There aren't that many setting options, either. I adjusted the steering wheel to the lowest position. I think people with shorter arms than me would want the steering wheel even lower - or less horizontal (smaller bus steering wheel). The seating comfort in vans is rarely suitable for tall people like me. But according to the conditions, I sat perfectly fine with good side support for my back. Nice to have a rested back before going out to work.

The hold

The load compartment measures 200 x 150 x 136 cm. Between the wheel arches there is 122 cm. From the outside, the e-NV200 would look nicer with bigger wheels. But the positive thing is that the wheel arches don't steal so much space in the load compartment. It also takes 4,2 cubic meters of cargo. If you need to transport long items, you can take them on the roof - maximum 100 kg. You can get a trailer hitch as well, but only pull 450 kg. Max payload is 569 kg.

Filled to the ceiling

This autumn I have had several renovation projects. Like all kind craftsmen, I take packaging, coat and leftovers with me. I store that in my mekkebua. It is not unusual for people to come in when they need tools or have problems with their car. This time the job consisted of driving at the filling station. Finished sorted, loaded compactly according to all the rules of the art, I filled to the last centimeter before going to the ISI recycling station. This time there was more work than driving. On the way home I stopped by Biltema in Rud and bought two new storage shelves. I have room for them now that I have driven away all the scrap.

Battery pack

The powertrain is one of Norway's most proven. The electric motor is the same as in the Leaf 1 and the battery pack is Nissan's 40 kwh - the same as found in the new Leaf. Nissan's battery solution has received some criticism due to a lack of active temperature management of the batteries. Optimum operating temperature is important for the batteries to perform - and charge - maximally under all conditions. The batteries in the e-NV200 do not have active temperature control either, but a fan to cool the surrounding electronics during charging and a heater to prevent the batteries from freezing to pieces in extreme cold.

Range

The range is 200 km WLTP. Nissan.no has chosen to provide information about "WLTP urban" as well. Such range figures are not relevant and only contribute to misleading people. If you want to compare with other models, only the WLTP (combined) range applies. My consumption would have given 170 km before the batteries were completely empty. I am quite happy with that under the current driving conditions, even though the vans cannot yet compete with the best electric cars on the market.

Cargo

The Nissan e-NV200 can be quickly charged at ChaDeMo chargers. The car receives a maximum of 50 Kw. In practice, you rarely get more from fast chargers. Most give less, depending on several factors, including how many people charge at the same station at the same time. Nissan states that you should be able to quickly charge from a battery warning (approx. 10%) to 80% in between 40-60 minutes. I left the car to charge on its own wall charger with a Type2 cable for 90 minutes. According to the electricity supplier, the car then received only 6,6 Kw - limited by knowing not the charging source. The charging time from battery warning (10%) to 100% is stated as 7 hours and 30 minutes. My charging was in line with this. Most people will probably benefit from using their own wall charger for the e-NV200, where you can fully charge it overnight.

Electric car

The first impression is intuitive. New drivers can just get in, press Start, put the car in Drive and drive away. There is nothing that lights up "advanced electric car" where someone has created a completely new user interface (kick to Tesla). As an owner, you can connect to the NissanConnect EV app and remotely control charging and heating, etc. The only thing you really don't need in 2021 is Nissan's "ECO" button that throttles the gas so you think there's something wrong with the car. Anyone who wants to can drive economically without help - and set the indoor climate themselves for comfort or energy saving.

Since the e-NV200 is based on the Leaf 1, Nissan's "e-Pedal" solution is not available either. By tilting the gear lever to the right, you can activate/deactivate the artificial engine brake. There is a gentle brake that adds extra charge to the battery when driving down long hills.

Subsidy for vans

It has never been more profitable to drive an electric van. If you buy a new electric commercial vehicle, you can now apply for a climate discount from ENOVA's Zero Emission Fund. Please note that the scheme does not apply to private individuals. Company cars bought with a subsidy cannot be resold to private individuals before 12 months. Let the car salesperson fill in the application when you sign the contract. You then report the registration number to ENOVA after you have collected the car. You will receive the grant in your account within 5-7 days. The scheme applies to all electric cars with green plates. For the Nissan e-NV200, the rates are currently:

Comfort plus: Price 307 – Support: 480
Premium: Price 327 – Support: 480

Facts Nissan e-NV200

Weights and Measures
External dimensions - L, W, H: 450 x 176 x 186 cm
Cargo space - L, W, H: 200 x 150 (122*) x 136 cm
* between the wheel arches
Wheelbase: 273 cm
Net weight: 1539 kg (without driver)
Number of seats: 2
Max trailer weight: 450 kg
Roof load: 100 kg

Drivetrain
Battery pack: AESC (China) 40 Kwh
Engine: Electric, located at the front
Power: 109 HP
Torque: 254 Nm
Gearbox: Stepless.
Front wheel drive.

Performances
Top speed: 123 km/h
0-100: 14,0 seconds

Range
WLTP: 200 km (combined)

Tires
Dimension: 185/65R15
Type: Spikeless winter used 2 seasons
Brand: Continental Viking Contact 7

About the car
Place of production: Barcelona, Spain
Owner: Bislet Car Rental
Rented via the app Rent
Model: 2018 (no. 191 new series)
Mileage: 26068
Km driven: 65
Source: Nissan.no, Enova og InsideEEVs.com - 2014 article

See

electric cars from china — The Chinese are coming!

Tesla against "smoke"

Posted 25/07/2020 by Terje Bjørnstad

tesla 3 — A stop in front of Rolfstangen

In the search for a new reporting car, the choice today fell on the Tesla Model 3 Long Range. It would be wise not to choose Tesla when driving an electric car to France.

Has a wall charger - looking for a car

If you have your own wall charger, you can drive cheaply with rechargeable cars. The lady of the house thought it was time to replace the hybrid car with a proper electric car. Her list of requirements was simple. It must have the range to drive back and forth from Oslo to Skien - in midwinter. And it must not be too big and wide - not an SUV. I myself dream of driving an electric car to France one day. That makes all the arrows point towards Tesla . I still choose to keep an open mind. I actually don't like Tesla.

Interesting nyheter

"The new Corsa is nice ." My wife likes small cars. I have to agree. It's been decades since Opel launched a car that looks this good. It looks bigger than its stablemate, the Peugeot e-208. The Peugeot has a more youthful and sporty feel than the more grown-up Corsa. But both cars are small cars with little luggage space. The high-built Peugeot e-2008 shares a drivetrain with the e-208 and e-Corsa, but the extra space steals 19 km in range. I'd gladly sacrifice that range for more space.

peugeot 2008 — Peugeot 2008. Off-road design with messy lines.

Range matters a lot

The battery pack in the Opel e-Corsa provides a range of 336 km (WLTP). The stated range for the larger Peugeot e-2008 is 320 km. Such ranges mean that the cars can function as car number 1 for most people. You will be able to drive Oslo Skien round trip on the same charge with a slightly economical gas foot, but hardly on the coldest winter days.

Developments are happening fast. The new arrivals from PSA show today's high level. These are cars that can be found on the road for under 300,000 kroner. Two other newcomers to the electric car market, the Mazda MX-30 and the Honda e , have far too short a range in comparison – 200 and 222 km respectively. Range is as important for electric cars as "location" is for homes.

staff — Beautiful flower arrangements at Stabekk.

The yardstick

It's not fair to compare the Tesla Model 3 to the e-Corsa and the new electric Peugeots. The Tesla is much more expensive. Still, it's a model you can't ignore. It's designed as an electric car from the ground up. Two motors and a super low center of gravity with the handling characteristics of a sports car. It offers ranges that others can only dream of, as well as an international network of charging stations. Although many of the Teslas have had childhood diseases, they seem durable once the problems are solved. Tesla also has very low depreciation.

Minimalism

Inside, the Tesla 3 bears the stamp of minimalism. It is unusual to deal with only one centrally positioned screen. I think this is an easy fix. The dashboard is a PC with a screen - not vulnerable electronic components scattered around within a dashboard that take hours to disassemble and reinsert. Externally, the Tesla bears the stamp of having been shaped in the wind tunnel. The omission of the grill increases the range by several kilometres. What is most important for an electric car? Tough grill or extra range? Minimalism in practice. No thing is there without having a function.

Tesla wins on range and charging outside Norway

The advantage of having your own wall charger is the comfort of always having electricity in the car and avoiding public charging stations. Also, electricity is cheaper there. The price for installing your own box is admittedly additional, but you get that money back on the day you sell the house. The point of wall chargers and long range is that you reduce the need to visit charging stations. If you are not extremely sporty and outgoing, charging along the road appears like a plague and a nuisance. I'm willing to pay a lot of money to avoid standing in a charging line along an access road on a Sunday night.

In Europe there are not many charging stations - at least not fast chargers. Driving an electric car in France and Spain can present challenges. Which charging stations are available? Do they work? Do they take our payment? Are they available? In my French city, there are two municipal charging stations with Type 2 connectors. The city's only two electric cars are permanently parked there. Tesla and the Volkswagen group are currently the only ones that offer (will offer) their own charging networks to ensure mobility over long distances.

tesla 3 rear seat — Inspection of the rear seats while we test drive.

- And the others?

The reviews are related to our requirements and our taste. These are therefore subjective notes that do not give a complete impression of the models.

Here is "The Good, Bad & Ugly"

The PSA group's new electric cars

The PSA group's drivetrain, based on the new 50 KWH battery pack, is used in the Peugeot e-208 and e-2008, Opel e-Corsa and DS3 Crossback. The range of the two crossovers is 320 km, the e-Corsa 336 km and the e-208 339 km. The batteries are water-cooled and can withstand fast charging, but the range will be limited to many. Both the Peugeot e-2008 and DS3 Crossback have slightly quirky designs that you may love or hate. The Peugeot e-2008 has created a front with far too many disjointed lines and angles. My guess is that a facelift will force its way before too long.

Opel e-Corsa

The designers of the Opel e-Corsa have done a good job, but when the digital screen in the instrument panel in front of the driver does not fit into the frame, you understand that components have been used that are obviously made for a different model than the Corsa. Studying this apparent blunder, I think: What other camels has Opel had to swallow to adapt to Peugeot's powertrain?

e-corsa dashboard — Do you see the error? The digital screen does not meet the targets. It looks retrofitted.

Volkswagen ID.3 1st

Production has been delayed due to Covid-19, but the cars can be ordered now. The 58 KWH battery pack provides an estimated WLTP range of 420 km. It is good. The new drivetrain is more advanced than the current e-Golf, including liquid cooling of the batteries and no restrictions with regard to receiving fast charging. The Volkswagen Group is the only car manufacturer besides Tesla with its own charging network. It's called IONITY and is currently under development in Norway under Cirkle-K. The charging network is far from fully developed. My guess is that it will take several years before it works in France.

Order now, or wait?

I am not sure that the Volkswagen group will be able to roll out the new cars without problems. Here at home, the problems can be exacerbated by the fact that the dealers (Møller Bil) lack knowledgeable mechanics. Today, battery cars often have to stand for days waiting for an available specialist. It is too early to order a new ID.3 now. I would wait until the dealers are prepared and the charging network is operational. It is being developed in full now.

The Korean models

Korean models with 64 KWH battery packs from LG Chem are in the top tier in terms of range. The Hyundai Kona has a WLTP range of 484 km, the KIA e-Soul has 452 km and the KIA Niro has 455 km. Kona's higher range shows how important it is to have an aerodynamic design. The range of Hyundai and KIA is on a par with the Tesla Model 3. Hyundai and KIA have delivered many electric cars to Norway - and there have supposedly never been any problems with the batteries. The 64 KWH battery pack has liquid-cooled battery cells that can withstand efficient fast charging. The disadvantage of Korean electric cars is that they are more "budget" than "premium". The seats in the Hyundai Kona and Ioniq look nice, but are not very comfortable on long journeys. The seats in the KIA e-Soul suited me well, but the special Asian look did not get a unanimous thumbs up from us.

Hyundai Ioniq

The Hyundai Ioniq comes with a smaller battery pack than the others from the Hyundai group. 38,3 KWH is enough for 311 km (WLTP) which is good for this battery size. The Ioniq has low consumption and is easy to charge. From 2020, the batteries are also liquid-cooled. The range is too short for us. In addition, the seats are relatively uncomfortable - especially on long journeys. In terms of price, it is on a par with the Opel e-Corsa and Peugeot 208, but in terms of space it is considerably larger. The Ioniq offers perhaps the most car for the money.

Renault Zoe

The 2020 model of the Renault Zoe received a mild facelift and larger battery pack. The capacity is now 52 KWH, which gives a WLTP range of a whopping 395 km. There are many Zoe cars on the road during the day - as rental cars in the Oslo area. WE fear that it may affect future trade-in values.

Nissan Leaf

The Nissan Leaf with 62 KWH has a WLTP range of 385 km. Nissan's battery packs lack active battery cooling and may therefore be limited in accepting fast charging due to the batteries being too hot. Blockers for fast charging have also been added to the software - at least on cars manufactured before 2019. The problem is referred to as "rapidgate" because many believe that Nissan has misled its customers. Nissan has come up with a software update, but many still experience poor fast charging. The Nissan Leaf is an example of how battery capacity and range should not be overlooked.

Tesla Model 3

The Tesla Standard Range has a 60 KWH battery pack that gives a WLTP range of 409 km. Tesla Long Range and Performance both have a 75 KWH battery. The Long Range has a range of 560 km, while the model with stronger engines "only" has 530 km. Tesla has had far more childhood illnesses than other brands, especially on new models. The cars are sold according to a new sales model. You can complete the entire order online, including financing and insurance. Tesla does not accept trade-in cars, but offers an opportunity to list the cars on an exchange for 3rd party buyers. Trade-in prices are therefore lower than what brand dealers can offer.

tesla 3 a-pillar — Calm lines around the A-pillar.

Overview

Concern	Model	KWH	km (WLTP)	250 km on winter roads?	Drive to France?
PSA	Peugeot e-208	50	339	Maybe	in this
	Peugeot e-2008	50	320	Maybe	in this
	Opel e-Corsa	50	336	Maybe	in this
	DS3 Crossover	50	320	Maybe	in this
Hyundai	Hyundai Ioniq	38,3	311	in this	in this
	Hyundai Kona	64	484	Ja	in this
	KIA e-Soul	64	452	Ja	in this
	Kia Niro	64	455	Ja	in this
VW	ID.3 1st	58	420	Ja	In the future
Renault	Zoe	52	395	Ja	in this
Nissan	Leaf	40	270	in this	in this
	Leaf	62	385	Ja	in this
Mazda	MX-30	35,5	209	in this	in this
Honda	Honda and	28,5	220	in this	in this
Tesla	standard range	60	409	Ja	Ja
	Long Range	75	560	Ja	Ja
	Performance	75	530	Ja	Ja

See

buy tesla — All good things come in threes

Active cooling of the batteries?

Posted 13/02/2020 by Terje Bjørnstad

battery cooling — Cars dissected in the interest of consumers.

Did you know that the Nissan Leaf and Volkswagen e-Golf lack active cooling of the batteries? Nissan has put restrictions on fast charging. Volkswagen dampens engine power if you drive too hard. It does not matter which solution is chosen to control the temperature. Read why!

The quality that is rarely mentioned

Modern electric cars should have systems that control the temperature in the battery cells. It is important for performance, for the batteries to take a fast charge, for range and for the life of the batteries. The factory numbers only apply when the batteries are at the correct temperature. The batteries prefer the same room temperature as us humans. Not all electric car models have satisfactory solutions. We have tried to find out which solutions are used in the most popular models. It's no easy task, even for car geeks.

Reverse Engineering

Car manufacturers prefer to present battery packs as black boxes. They are generally reluctant to provide detailed information. Even simple questions like “Who manufactured the battery cells?” can be deeply ingrained. It will then be much more difficult to find out how excess heat is conducted from the batteries under load, or how efficiently heat can be added on cold days. Fortunately, there are actors who make a living by picking things apart to document how they are actually constructed – the unvarnished truth. Cars like the Tesla 3, BMW i3, Opel Ampera (Chevrolet Bolt) and Renault Zoe have already been dissected.

Passive or active cooling?

Passive cooling cannot control the temperature in the batteries, but can capture and dissipate a good deal of heat through the metal in the battery case and surrounding air. Active air cooling can consist of something as banal as a thermostatically controlled fan. One liquid cooled system is far better, where the glycol mixture (coolant) is led in channels around the batteries. It is ideal if the temperature changes in the batteries can contribute to heating the passenger compartment via a heat exchanger. In the future, perhaps the battery cells will be mounted in thermally insulated boxes.

Flat or round cells?

Worldwide, there are only a handful of manufacturers that supply the entire world with battery cells. The best known are LG Chem, SK Innovation and Samsung SDI in South Korea, BYD and CATL in China and Panasonic, originally from Japan. The battery manufacturers only supply cells and let the car manufacturers build their own battery packs. The following types of battery cells are used:

Pouch cells

Almost all new battery packs today are based on flat cells wrapped in plastic – so-called pouch cells (also referred to as pocket cells or purse cells ). These can be stacked closely together (but not too closely) – and most often vertically.

Prismatic cells

Here, the cells are wrapped in more solid material, such as aluminium, which absorbs more heat than the plastic in the bag cells. The BMW i3 and Volkswagen e-Golf use this.

Round cells

Round cells are reminiscent of flashlight batteries. Used by Tesla, but Toyota uses/will use round cells as well. These can also absorb more heat than the bag cells.

Liquid cooling

Tesla 3

Upright round/sleeve-shaped cells from Panasonic. Between the cell rows, coolant is led through channels in flat cooling belts at full height. The cooling tape is attached to each cell with a type of adhesive that conducts heat. Each cell is surrounded by cooling from two sides. The system consists of several loops to dissipate heat. In cool conditions, the system is used to heat the batteries.

Opel Ampera/Chevrolet Bolt

Vertical bag cells from LG Chem. Separate cooling frame under the batteries with coolant channels controls temperature. For reasons of space, the battery cells are stacked with two layers at the back - as an extra elevation. It is uncertain whether the topmost cells get as good cooling as the cells closest to the cooling frame.

Audi e-tron

e-tron battery cooling — Battery cooling (audi.com)

Vertical bag cells from LG Chem. A network of coolant channels under the batteries ensures that heat is transported away - or added heat if required. When cooling, the liquid passes through a cooling element. The car's radiator is used for heating. The system is connected to a heat pump. Audi claims that their cooling should be more efficient than Tesla's solution.

Jaguar I-Pace

Vertical bag cells from LG Chem. Liquid-cooled temperature control. Unknown how the channels run, but it is assumed that they are located under the battery pack and consist of several loops. Jaguar is reticent to publish detailed information.

Hyundai Kona

Bag cells from LG Chem. Active thermal management with liquid-cooled channels in a cooling plate under the batteries that transports away heat when needed. The system has several loops and its own cooler. The system can also produce heat when needed. NB! Only cars for the Nordic markets have a battery heater.

KIA e Niro

Bag cells from SK Innovation. Liquid cooling. Same system for thermal management of the batteries as the Hyundai Kona.

Models that have been upgraded from air to liquid cooling

Hyundai Ioniq

ioniq battery ventilation — Ventilation for the batteries in the Ioniq series 1.

Bag cells from LG Chem. Hyundai states that models from 2020 with a 38,3 kwh battery have liquid cooling. There is no information material on how the system is built, but it is assumed to be of the same type that the Hyundai Kona uses, - and which from 2020 will also be rolled out in the new KIA e-Soul. The outgoing model of the Ioniq, series 1 produced before 2020, has ventilation ducts from the passenger compartment with a thermostatically controlled fan that draws interior air towards the battery pack.

KIA e-Soul 64 kwh

Models from 2020+ have pouch cells from SK Innovation. Uses the same system for battery cooling and heating as the Hyundai Kona. The first series of KIA e-Soul – before 2020 – ventilates the batteries based on air from the car's air conditioning. They have their own fan to draw air if needed.

Active battery cooling with air

Renault Zoe

New 2020+ models with 52 kwh have vertical bag cells from LG Chem. All models (also older ones) have active air cooling that uses air from the car's air conditioning to supply cooled air directly into the battery box - one hole for intake and two for venting. During charging, the car can therefore start the air conditioning if necessary. The system can also use warm air from the heating system, for example during preheating.

BMW i3

Prismatic battery packs from Samsung are mounted over a frame with cooling channels. It is not air, but cooling gas that is sent out under the battery packs when needed. There are also heating wires that produce electrical heat under the batteries.

Without active battery cooling

Nissan Leaf

Lying pouch cells from Chinese AESCs. Nissan claims that there is no need for active battery cooling, even for 62 kw batteries. Leaf has put a limitation in the software to limit fast charging several times in a row - on the same day. The phenomenon is hashtagged #rapidgate. This is probably done to prevent damage to the battery due to a lack of active battery cooling. Cars that are delivered to cold regions have battery heaters that are primarily intended to protect the batteries from being destroyed in extreme cold - not to provide an optimal operating temperature.

Volkswagen e-Golf

Prismatic cells from Panasonic. Volkswagen claims that the batteries do not need an external source for battery cooling and heating. In addition to passive cooling, the e-Golf has a function that automatically reduces the current when you press the gas too hard for a long time. The official reason is to reduce consumption. The real reason is probably to reduce the possibility of the battery overheating. Similarly, the charging power is limited if the battery is too hot. This is common on all electric cars, but is rarely a problem on cars with active battery cooling. Volkswagen has recommended that the e-Golf should not be fast-charged more than every other charge.

Conclusion

It is not surprising that premium cars such as the Tesla 3 and Audi e-tron have proper temperature control of the battery cells. Although performance degradation has been demonstrated in the Tesla after repeated accelerations due to the battery cooling not being efficient enough. If it is not the world's best, it is a benchmark for the other electric cars.

I am impressed that even affordable electric cars have active, liquid-based cooling of the batteries. I'm thinking in particular of the new KIA e-Soul and Hyundai Ioniq. Mentions on the fly also the Renault Zoe passenger car with separate air ducts from the air conditioning directly into the battery box.

It's about what we get for our money. If you use an electric car in temperate environments with quiet charging, you can certainly save a few kroner by choosing a model without active battery cooling. The most important thing is that you make conscious choices.

The car manufacturers must then explain how they ensure that the battery cells reach the optimum working temperature. Please mention it in the brochures!

See

Jalopnik visited Munro & Associates , who have taken apart three leading electric cars. Jalopnik characterizes the three cars as a “conventional approach,” a “weird approach,” and a “blank sheet.” Guess who’s who!