SUV

SUV - Sport Utility Vehicle - is a vehicle that is high-built in station wagon form, has a certain degree of off-road capabilities and the option of 4-wheel drive. SUVs come in all sizes.

Alfa Romeo Stelvio

Posted 16/02/2023 by Terje Bjørnstad

It was a novelty when it came as a 2017 model year. A crossover SUV built on the new Giulia. Not only did it look fantastic – Alfa Romeo had succeeded in embedding the good Alfa genes. The automotive press pounced on the cars and reported on superb driving characteristics. Then there was silence.

For everyone who likes to drive

It has been 6 years since the Stelvio went on sale. 6 years is a long time in the car industry, especially after the car market has been invaded by large electric SUVs that can drive the braid of the Stelvio. When I drove the Stelvio today, it was inevitable not to compare with today's electric cars. In my eyes, the Stelvio came out very well. Alfa Romeo still makes cars for us who like to drive - we who like to take the long way home just for the fun of it.

Diesel

I had the choice between the 2,0 T MultiAir 280 HP or the 2,2 JTD MultiJet 210 HP. I chose the latter - probably the same engine I would have chosen if I were to buy a Stelvio today - although diesel is not the first thing you associate with Alfa Romeo. The JTD engine in the Stelvio is also used in the Giulia, Jeep Cherokee and Wrangler, - and Fiat Ducati. When I cold-started the diesel engine, I felt momentarily transported back to the Stone Age. But on the road, the engine impressed greatly with strong bottom pull and quick response from all revs. Inside the car, the soundscape was fine and the accelerations were not inferior to any electric car. Imagine a short on-ramp to the freeway where you stop to let a train pass and then slip in between other traffic. Full acceleration takes place without jerks and noise. Some of the credit must go to the gearbox. It is taken from the top shelf. The ZF 8HP75 is the same box that is used in large BMWs, among other things.

The trip

Today's trip went to Oslo Fashion Outlet in Vestby. Not the world's longest walk, but around lunchtime on weekdays it is quite quiet there. I'm not a fashionista, but we visit the outlet twice a year to replenish my wardrobe from the good brands. My wife is with me and knows what I need, what fits and what suits me. The trip to Vestby is pleasant, and there are several detours you can take to make the trip longer - provided you drive a good car.

Classic Alfa Romeo interior in the Stelvio.

Oslo Fashion Outlet is located in the center of Vestby

Instruments and DNA

The instrument panel is classic. Some might say old fashioned. Deep analogue clocks have accompanied Alfa Romeo for many years and it is difficult to see how they can create a digital instrument panel. The infotainment system is operated with the same type of wheel on the center console that I had on an Audi 10-12 years ago. Although the system works well (for me), I understand that the time is ripe for computer screens. One of the switches on the center console controls the driving mode between Dynamic, Normal and Advanced Efficiency - "DNA" for short (of course). I'm not normally excited about driving in active/dynamic mode, because it makes the drivetrain disproportionately fussy compared to the power increase. In the Stelvio, I was impressed by how responsive the diesel engine became. Clean powder barrel. I still preferred normal mode. In "my" car, the DNA did not affect the chassis. Dynamic/active undercarriage is optional.

Alfa Romeo Stelvo. A beautiful Italian in Stromboli Grey Metallic on 19 inch wheels.

Chosen with the heart…

Did you know that Alfa Romeo owners salute over the steering wheel when they meet other Alfa Romeo owners on the road? I only met one this day - and he said hello while I was admiring his car - without me saying hello back. I don't know if all Stelvio owners are brand loyal, but many probably choose Alfa Romeo more with their heart than with their head. Does this also apply to the Stelvio? For my own part, I wrote about the model when it was launched 6 years ago. The Stelvio is a beautiful Crossover that offers a lot of driving pleasure. It provides a fine combination of comfort and sportiness where the drivetrain, chassis and steering are optimized for driving pleasure - a lovely interaction between car and driver. So yes, - the Stelvio captures the heart of a car enthusiast.

… And with the head?

I have scoured international user forums to see if there are any serious weaknesses with the Alfa Romeo Stelvio. It is not. I mentioned at the outset that I would probably choose diesel (JTD 2,2) over petrol (2.0 T). There are three reasons for that. Firstly, it uses far less fuel than the petrol version, secondly, it is more affordable than the petrol version and thirdly, I consider it more reliable than the petrol version. Then I think, among other things, that there have been previous errors with the MultiAir system that controls variable valve openings, but I can't find any hits on this when it comes to the new Giulia and Stelvio. Please note that the Fiat-Chrysler diesel engines should not be chosen if you are only going to drive for short trips and - if I am not mistaken - the change interval for the timing belt and water pump is only 60 km.

Photo shoot along old Mossevei by Lake Gjersjøen

A perfectly fine driving environment in the Stelvio. But nobody needs a start/stop button on the steering wheel, right?

Alfa Romeo Stelvio. Optional red brake calipers bring color to a gray winter day

Loss of value

"Our" Stelvio is a 2019 model year registered in November 2018. According to the Tax Agency, the list price for this car was NOK 604 in the same month that "our" car was registered with a leasing company. With extra equipment, the purchase price probably ended up just under 900 without winter wheels. Today, 700 cars of the same model year and engine choice are for sale at Finn.no - of which 13 have a price tag of NOK 459 - probably leasing cars. The loss in value is at the same level as one of the Stelvio's competitors, the Audi Q000.

Place

The Stelvio belongs to the mid-range Crossover SUV. From the driver's position, I get the feeling that the seats and fixtures embrace me - a positive feeling of security and well-being. Internal space utilization is average for the class, especially in the back seat. The luggage compartment holds 525 liters with the rear seats folded up and 1600 liters with the seats folded down. Also average for the class.

Conclusion

A diesel engine is not something you associate with Alfa Romeo, but it does not dampen the car's sporty driving characteristics. Few car owners are as loyal and enthusiastic about their cars as Alfa Romeo owners. These are cars that many people choose with their hearts, although there is nothing to suggest that you cannot choose them with your head as well. A 3-year-old Stelvio can be a good and fun camper van for many years.

With good care it can become a future classic.

Alfa Romeo's "dna" system with 3 driving programs. Dynamic, Normal and Advanced. The large wheel controls the infotainment system.

Facts Alfa Romeo Stelvio 2,2 JTD

Weights and Measures
External dimensions - L, W, H: 469 x 190 x 169 cm
Wheelbase: 282 cm
Net weight: 1659 kg (without driver)
Payload: 596 kg
Number of seats: 5
Max trailer weight w/brakes: 2300 kg
– without brakes: 750 kg
Roof load: –

Drivetrain
Engine: 2,2 JTD MultiJet II Adblue
Power: 210 @ 3500 revs
Torque: 470 @ 1750 rpm
Gearbox: 8-speed ZF 8HP75
All-wheel drive: ALFA Q4

Gasoline consumption
Stated (combined): 0,59 – 0,65 litres/10 km
Monitored during the trip: 0,56 – 0,57 litres/10 km

Luggage compartment
As a five-seater: 525 litres
As a two-seater: 1600 litres

Tires
Dimension: 235/55R19 T XL
Type: Winter tires without studs
Brand: Viking Contact 7

Prices:
New car (2023): 889 (promotion)
New car (2019): 604 (list price)
Used car (2019): 459

About the car

Production site: Alfa Romeo Cassino Plant, Italy
Colour: Stromboli Grey
Additional equipment: Premium interior and sound, ADAS level 2, Panoramic sunroof etc
Leased by Rent
Owner: ALD carmarket
Model: 2019
Mileage: 75886
Km driven: 97
Sources: vegvesen.no, www.alfaromeo.no

See

Alfa Romeo 1166 Busso – emotions and reason

How we test the cars

Volvo XC90 Recharge

Posted 30/09/2022 by Terje Bjørnstad

Interest in the Volvo XC90 will probably drop when the new all-electric EX90 appears in shop windows. Although it is impressive to see how popular the XC90 still is. After all, we are talking about a hybrid car that costs over a million kroner.

Brief model history

Volvo is by no means finished with the XC90. Earlier this year, quite large improvements were made to the T8 drivetrain. The battery pack has been given an extra layer of cells that increases both battery capacity and range. The electric motor at the rear has more power to push with. With increased downforce from the electric motor, Volvo has chosen to remove the Supercharger from the petrol engine. The upgraded 2-litre turbo engine has nevertheless received a small power increase. Total boost effect in power mode has been increased from 407 HP to 455 and the range has been increased from 46 to 68 km – on paper.

"Our" car is an early 2022 model based on the previous upgrade from May/June 2019. Also then, the battery pack received a long-awaited increase in capacity and a small facelift. From what I can see, all 2022 models now have hidden tailpipes. It also appears that the 2023 model will be produced without any exterior changes from the 2022 models.

When the first generation XC90 arrived in 2002, I was amazed that many of those who found the car appealing had never previously shown any interest in cars – many of them women. Large, solid, safe and family-friendly Volvo still ticks several boxes for many. The new Volvo XC90 with the T8 hybrid drive is truly more appealing than ever.

Petrol guzzler?

"Good car!", said my son. He knows the XC90 quite well. "I always drive in power mode, - otherwise it will die". The XC90 may not be the first choice for "keen drivers". But I understand my son. If you put the car in "power", it reacts spontaneously to the gas in the same way as a vigorous electric car. When I checked the car's trip computer on "our" XC90, I found the fuel consumption from previous driver(s). The average consumption was a whopping 1,3 litres/10 km! If you drive actively, the XC90 can probably be experienced as a gas guzzler. In standard "hybrid" mode, the car is experienced as a completely normal hybrid car. It suited me well as I ventured out into the traffic in central Oslo.

Big car

A large car in the city is fine if you live on Snarøya and work in an office building with its own parking. I noted that several of the parking spaces at Oslo City would simply be too narrow for "my" XC90. You get good help from the camera, which shows the car's location in a bird's-eye view. Then you don't have to open the door to see if you are within the markings. Out in city traffic, I also noticed that I had good visibility in all directions. Volvo's blind spot warning systems are still good to have, as they also warn of soft road users. If you are going to park along the street in narrow city streets, you may sometimes wish for a smaller car.

Same screen and gear lever in all Volvo hybrid models

Daytrippers

I charged the batteries to a decent 75% before we left. The calculated range was a measly 25 km without it really playing a role. We were on our way to Skien and drove in hybrid mode, where the car automatically distributes the power. The miles on the motorway down to Grelland went like clockwork. Pleasantly low noise level dominated by the sound of 22 inch monster wheels and P5 hits on a premium music system. We continued towards Hvittingfoss and down Lågendalen. No stress. The car switched seamlessly between petrol engine, electric motor and freewheel without us noticing anything.

From Steinsholt, the traffic takes off towards Siljan. Here the road begins with bends and hills. I noticed that the car changed character. A nice hum from the engine and quick gear changes. The monster tires gave great grip in the turns. The car's chassis is a bit stiff but still comfortable as it picks up the bumps nicely. It's amazing that a two and a quarter ton car can move so easily!

We were on our way to Borgestad Church to prepare a family grave for the autumn cold. When my wife was a child, her family drove the same road to visit her grandparents in Skien. At that time, it was gravel, and it was slow going when they got stuck behind heavy cars in slow motion.

Comfort

We chatted about what we like about the XC90. We focused on comfort. It's not every day that we drive cars that cost one and a quarter million. We attempt to benchmark it with another car, a BMW 530d M sport we had during a visit to Essex a few years ago. Then we were awarded the most beautiful rental car in the whole airport! Also the one with a fantastic and expensive undercarriage. My wife thought the BMW had more comfortable seats, softer leather and softer padding that enveloped you. In terms of comfort, it was 1-0 to BMW. "But YOU probably like these seats better", she parried. Quite correct! For me, the driver's seat in Nubuck leather and Alcantara is like an individually ergometrically adapted director's office chair.

On old roads

After lunch in Eidanger, we took the long way home via the old road to Larvik, the one that goes over the old Langangen. As is known, Langangen got a brand new bridge in 1979. Before that, the E18 ran underneath the center of Langangen with steep sections on both sides. On one side is the "corkscrew" - a section of road that is shaped like a loop so as not to be too steep. This section of road was actually built as early as 1858 – 1861. Today's concrete bridge was built by the Germans during the war because they could not get their material under the old stone bridge. And the facility was in use right up until 1979. Think how much "fun" it must have been here in the winter!

0,85 per mile

The trip to Borgestad of 130 km gave an average consumption of 0,75 litres/10 km. Together with the trip back, we ended up with 280 km and an average consumption of 0,85 litres/10 km. When we started, we had 25 km on the battery. Had we peaked up to 30 km before the journey home, we could have reduced the total average consumption to 0,75 litres/10 km. But that is only theoretical. Since the car only accepts 3,6 Kw, it is not appropriate to charge along the road. The point is that if you can charge at home, it pays to start the long trip with full batteries.

35 km range

"Our" car is an early 2022 model with a battery capacity of 11,6 kwh gross and 9,1 kwh net. Stated range is 46 km. After fully charging after the long trip, the estimated range ended up being 35 km. The next day I drove "to work" in "pure" mode. Once there, after 12 km of city driving, the estimated range was reduced accordingly. It is good. Then the stated range agreed with reality. 35 km is not much, but would have covered min travel both ways. And by the way, the car worked fine on electricity.

Cars delivered from January 2022 received a higher battery capacity, 18,7 kWh gross and 14,8 net. The stated range is 68 km, but real consumption is probably correspondingly lower.

Unwanted engine noise

I would be a little worried that the real range on electricity is only 35 km. If you drive further, you have saved petrol for 35 km anyway. What annoys me most about the drivetrain is that when I start up in hybrid mode inside a communal garage, the petrol engine starts running after a short time - and it runs at a monotonously high idle speed - like a cheap generator from Biltema - despite the fact that it actually er current on the battery. The same can also happen when I arrive. When maneuvering a million dollar hybrid car - at walking speed, I expect it to be intelligent enough to use the remaining power without starting the petrol engine. It is actually one of the reasons why you choose a hybrid car - and perhaps put in a few extra kroner.

Place

With 5 seats in use, the boot holds 640 liters plus a small space underneath for charging cables and the like. It is on a par with competitors Audi and BMW. As a 7-seater, there is only room for 262 litres. The two rear seats are preferably for children and fit well when driving them to football matches. The interior space is easily converted into a flat floor and it is easy to create flexible solutions, for example combining the transport of long or irregular objects together with passengers.

Safety

The Volvo XC90 was tested by Euro NCAP in 2015 with a D5 diesel engine without a battery pack. It then scored 5/5 stars, got 97% for adult dolls and 87% for children. In a side impact test with a pillar, it was discovered that the rear part of the crash curtain did not unfold as it should. It could be unfortunate for the passengers in the 3rd row of seats. According to Euro NCAP, Volvo has stated that they have fixed the fault and informed owners of 7-seaters to have their cars fixed.
Read the report from Euro NCAP here

Camera showing exact location. Then you don't have to open the door to see if you are within the line.

You can create a flat floor with the seats folded down

Conclusion

I would not advise anyone to 'run out and buy' a new Volvo XC90 even though it is a fantastic vehicle. Plug-in hybrid cars will probably lose market share to pure electric cars – not least Volvo's new large electric SUV. This can result in a high loss of value. Rather, I recommend that you find an XC90 on the used market. As Volvo has probably made ongoing improvements to the drivetrain - and from May/June 2019 increased battery capacity and range, this is a series I recommend. That's a lot of car in a 3-year-old XC90.

Facts Volvo XC90 Recharge

Weights and Measures
External dimensions - L, W, H: 495 x 193 x 177 cm
Wheelbase: 289 cm
Net weight: 2252 kg (without driver)
Payload: 653 kg
Number of seats: 7
Max trailer weight w/brakes: 2400 kg
– without brakes: 750 kg
Roof load: 100 kg

Drivetrain "our" car (early 2022 model)
Type: T8, B4204T34
Three engines. A 2,0-litre inline-four petrol engine with both a front-mounted turbo and supercharger drives the front wheels. An electric motor in the rear that drives the rear wheels. A third motor - also an electric motor - sits between the petrol engine and the gearbox and ensures that the power from the petrol engine is delivered evenly - i.e. without gaps under throttle. In addition, it provides a boost effect
Power: 303 HP from the main engine, 87 HP from the rear electric motor and 71 HP from the auxiliary motor, which together give 390 HP and a boost effect of 407 HP.
Gearbox: 8-speed Geartronic automatic (Aisin AW TG-81SD)
Electronically controlled four-wheel drive.
Drivetrain new cars (from late 2022 model)
Type: T8, B4204T56
Same concept as before with three engines. Still a 2,0-litre inline-four turbo petrol engine, now without a supercharger, but has still received a small power increase. The electric motor at the back has received a solid power increase.
Power: 310 HP from the main engine, 145 HP from the rear electric motor and 71 HP from the auxiliary engine. Together, they can provide a boost effect of 455 HP.
Gearbox: 8-speed Geartronic automatic (Aisin AW TG-81SD)
Electronically controlled four-wheel drive.

Battery pack "our" car (early 2022 model)
Type: Li-ion
Location: Centrally located longitudinally in the tunnel.
Capacity (total): 11 Kwh
Capacity (usable): 9,1 Kwh
Range WLTP: 50 km
Measured range: 35 km
Charging time via Type2 cable: approx. 3 hours

Battery pack new car (from late 2022 model)
Type: Li-ion
Location: Centrally located along the tunnel.
Capacity (total): 18,8 Kwh
Capacity (usable): 14,9 Kwh
Range WLTP: 73 – 64 km
Charging time via Type2 cable: approx. 5 hours

Gasoline consumption
Measured long-distance consumption: 0,85 litres/10 km

Luggage compartment
As a seven-seater: 262 litres
As a five-seater: 640 litres
+ Small space under the cover: 31 litres

Tires
Size: 275/35R22 104Y
Type: Summer tire
Brand: Pirelli P Zero

Prices 2023 model
Plus: NOK 1
Ultimate: NOK 1
Towbar: NOK 11

About the car
Place of production: Torslanda, Sweden
Colour: Thunder Grey
Equipment grade: R-design/Dark
Leased by Rent
Owner: Europcar Norway
Model: 2022
Mileage: 31780
Km driven: 306
Sources: vegvesen.no, www.media.volvocars.com, Notices along the road with the corkscrew

How we test the cars

Ford Kuga plug-in hybrid

Posted 27/02/2022 by Terje Bjørnstad

"Our" car has a price tag of around 550000 kroner. For that price, Ford dealers are happy to show off the Mustang Mach-E, which is currently in 6th place in the sales statistics for new cars. But let it be said – the Kuga 2.5 plug-in hybrid ST-Line is a lot of car for the money – and it offers driving pleasure.

Only sold as a hybrid in Norway

The hybrid solution consists of a transverse four-cylinder 2.5-litre Duratec petrol engine and an electric motor located at the front. The battery pack has a capacity of 14,4 kWh and is located under the rear luggage compartment. The petrol engine is not entirely new – it was developed by Mazda and put into production in 2008. Ford uses the term iVCT (Intake Variable Camshaft Timing). It is a solution that keeps the intake valves open also during parts of the compression stroke, which results in a reduced effective stroke for the intake. The principle is known as Atkinson Cycle. This primarily helps to reduce consumption, but the engine also loses "punch". This is compensated by the electric motor. Toyota uses the same concept in its hybrids.

Works fine in practice

The drivetrain switches seamlessly between electric motor and petrol engine. I liked the snarl of the big engine on throttle. If you start properly, you can hear the CVT gearbox shifting like a supercar - absolutely superb when you come driving in quiet electric mode and pull on to slip into fast-moving traffic. According to Ford, "virtual" gear changes are programmed in to give the feeling of driving an automatic falcon – something stepless CVT transmissions normally do not do.

Sister model to the Ford Escape

I have to admit that the Kuga is not a car I usually turn to. The Kuga is the European variant of the Ford Escape. In the US it is a small SUV for housewives. In Norway it is a proper SUV. I have followed all the Kuga models in the seams. In my eyes, they have something feminine about them – a sturdy SUV that should not frighten the weaker sex. Today's Kuga looks like a grown-up version of the Puma small car - also a women's car. When I study "our" Kuga more closely, I see that the ST-Line provides the little that is necessary to "toughen up" the car. Sharp profiles in the bumpers, tough grill pattern, black roof covering, red calipers and two tailpipes contribute to the car breaking out of its hideous shell.

Big enough as a family car

Ford Kuga Hybrid er big enough as a family car. The space conditions in the 4,61 meter long car are experienced as spacious for 5 people. You sit quite upright, the length of the compartment is well utilised. I noted that I could look down on those who drove the Audi e-tron. The luggage compartment in the Kuga is 411 - 554 liters depending on the setting of the rear seat. It is roughly on a par with the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (463 litres) and the Toyota RAV4 Hybrid (580 litres). The Kuga Hybrid can also tow a trailer of up to 1500 kg.

On the road

ST-Line is equipped with a chassis that should be more sporty than the other variants. I don't know how the other variants drive, but the undercarriage on "our" car was top notch. I would also like to highlight the steering - tight enough and good steering feel. The seats with electric stepless adjustment seemed quite simple at first glance, but provided good seating comfort for the 140 kilometers we covered in them. The interior noise level was absolutely superb. 17 inch studless winter wheels with a lot of rubber against the road made little noise. Interior noise was very pleasant, even when the petrol engine was running.

SUV without four-wheel drive

In Norway, the Kuga is only sold as a plug-in or non-plug-in hybrid. None of them can be delivered with four-wheel drive. The Toyota RAV4 hybrid, by comparison, has two electric motors, - one at the front to support the petrol engine and one at the back to engage the rear wheels when necessary. The Ford Kuga is built as an SUV that can handle the last bump in the road up to the cabin. The need for four-wheel drive can go a long way to compensate for favorable weight distribution and electronically controlled driving modes for difficult driving conditions - but for an SUV, four-wheel drive is almost mandatory.

consumption

Our trip mainly went along Route 80 and ended with a motorway at 100 km/h. The average consumption was measured at 0,46 litres/10 km. We had then started with an empty battery, driven 14 miles interrupted by a lunch break at Vik Skysstasjon - long enough for the engine to have cooled down. Even though the battery was dead, the electric motor engaged as it should. I never experienced the engine buzzing in places where the electric motor should have been active. The batteries charge weakly when you let off the gas. By pressing the "L" button on the gear selector, you get an additional regenerative brake. It is great to use as a "retarder" when you need to brake gently downhill towards a bend or junction or the like.

Charging and range

Rechargeable hybrid cars like this do not take fast charging and should not be charged along the road. The onboard charger is 7 Kw. With Type2 cable, the batteries are fully charged in 3 – 3,5 hours. From a 16A power socket, it takes 6 – 6,5 hours to fully charge. The charging option is intended for charging at home - and/or at work. Fully charged, the range is stated to be 64 km according to WLTP combined. We were not able to test the range in electric operation, but based on our own experience, the upper limit in practice tends to be around 4/5 of the stated range under favorable conditions - that is, in excess of 50 km. It is then possible for most people to drive all-electric on weekdays and charge the car overnight.

Safety

The diesel version of the Ford Kuga with 4×4 has been tested in Euro NCap in 2019 with good results. But diesel cars can come out differently in crash tests than cars with battery packs, especially in side collisions. The American IIHS has tested the sister model Ford Escape. In the original test of the 2020 model, the car passed all tests "on green". When testing the 2021 model, the side crash caused moderate damage. Then the head of the test dummy in the driver's seat had ended up a little too far down on the side airbag. Unfortunately, it is not clear whether any of the cars tested were hybrids.

Euro NCAP test of 2019 Ford Kuga 4×4 2,0 diesel (pdf)
IIHS test of the 2020-2022 Ford Escape 4×4

Conclusion

I know Ford as a car manufacturer that puts driving pleasure high on the list, even in regular cars. The Ford Kuga surprised me on that very point. I have compared the Ford Kuga and the Toyota RAV4 on a couple of points. If someone had lined up a Kuga and a RAV4 in front of me and asked me to drive to Trondheim, I would have taken the Kuga. The hybrid solution works well and means that you rarely need to visit a petrol station. The Kuga's biggest disadvantage is that it cannot be supplied with four-wheel drive.

Blue instrument light when driving in Normal driving mode

Red brake calipers are reserved for ST-Line

Facts about the Ford Kuga 2.5 PHEV

Weights and Measures
External dimensions - L, W, H: 461 x 188 x 175 cm
Wheelbase: 271 cm
Net weight: 1778 kg (without driver)
Payload: 467 kg
Total weight: 2320 kg
Number of seats: 5
Max trailer weight w/brakes: 1500 kg
– without brakes: 750 kg
Roof load: 75 kg

Drivetrain
Petrol engine: Transverse 2.5 iVCT*) 4 cyl. Duratec
*) Intake Variable Camshaft Timing
Power: 152 HP @ 4500 rpm
Electric motor: Front-mounted, 110 HP
Total power: 225 HP
Total torque: 230 Nm
Gearbox: Stepless CVT
Front wheel drive

Performances
Top speed: 200 km/h
0-100: 9,2 seconds

Electric car characteristics
Battery pack: 14,4 kw lithium battery
Battery cooling: Liquid
WLTP: 64 km (combined)
Charging (10A socket): 6,0 – 6,5 hours
Charging (Type2, 7 Kw): 3,0 – 3,5 hours

consumption
WLTP: 0,10 litres/mile
Own measurement highway: 0,46 litres/mile (0% on the batteries)

Luggage compartment
As a five-seater: 411 litres
— with the rear seat pushed forward: 554 litres
As a two-seater: 1481 litres

Tires
Dimension: 225/65R17
Type: Spikeless winter
Brand: Nokian Hakkapellitta

About the car
Place of manufacture: Valencia, Spain
Colour: Solar Silver
Equipment level: ST-Line
Price: NOK 490 (without surcharge)
Additional equipment:
– Varnish supplement: NOK 9
– Technology package: NOK 9
– Driver assistance package: NOK 16
– Winter package: NOK 3
– Towbar: NOK 9
Rented via the app Rent
Model: 2021
Mileage: 543
Km driven: 140
Source: ford.no, Vegvesen.no

See

See Engineering Explained on YouTube: How The Atkinson Cycle Works

Citroen C3 Aircross has become more grown up

Posted 02/10/2021 by Terje Bjørnstad

The front has become tougher, more masculine, more aggressive and more mainstream. The C3 Aircross still appears as a practical and unpretentious car – a high-built small car with family car characteristics.

SUV and lifestyle

Let me quote what I wrote about the predecessor:

Citroen has built something that looks like a large toy car, – without a trace of elegance and prestige. It is a car you buy because you need a high-built small car – and want it to look like just that.

It was meant positively. Many want a practical and unsnobbish car - a vehicle that exudes lifestyle. Today's model no longer has any toy car character. Citroen has created a more mature SUV design. Thus, the car appeals to a larger group of buyers. There are still options to specify the color of the roof, and contrasting color of the mirror housing, graphics on the rear side window and parts of the front spoiler.

The news in a nutshell

The biggest changes are in the front. Otherwise, there are few changes to report. I notice new decoration on the rear side window and new rims - probably depending on the level of equipment. Inside, the cool handbrake from the predecessor has been replaced with a normal handbrake lever. The infotainment screen is larger than before. Parts of the driver assistance systems have also been improved. They are on par with what you find in "all" new family cars today. Engines and gearboxes are the same as before. I note that the 1,2 PureTech 110 engine is no longer offered with an automatic transmission. It can now only be combined with the 130 horse.

Engines

The car belongs to my brother-in-law, Henrich. It is equipped with the 130 HP PureTech engine and automatic transmission (EAT6). Equipment level is the Shine Pack with, among other things, a panoramic sunroof and the best seats. The PSA group's 3-cylinder engine emits a rather distinct 3-cylinder sound when pushed, but that is rarely needed with the 130 horse. The automatic transmission keeps the revs down in the high-torque rev range. The engine feels powerful and you only hear a pleasant, faint hum. Drives like this do not invite high revs and sporty driving - not even when the gearbox is in sport mode. But the C3 Aircross is far from a slouch when you need to get up to speed quickly, such as accelerating onto a motorway.

Modern drivetrain

Almost all car manufacturers now offer the same type of petrol-based drivetrain as in Henrich's car. Powerful engine, small displacement, turbo and automatic transmission. A typical characteristic of 3-cylinder engines is vibrations at low revs and at idle. The start & stop system means that the engine fades out when standing still. There is no noticeable turbo lag normal commissioning. The drivetrain works amazingly smoothly as long as the car follows programmed driving patterns, but it can easily get out of order. Imagine you are entering a roundabout - hesitate for a brief moment before choosing to accelerate directly in front of a crossing vehicle. The drive unit will then be able to easily hang back - take a few seconds to decide - before it gets up to steam. Annoying – but typical for drivetrains of this type.

c3 aircross test — Outside KFC in Perpignan

Lots of SUV feeling

Citroen calls the C3 Aircross an SUV – not a crossover. I agree. On the road, the car feels like a proper SUV – bigger than it really is. I sit high, have a good sense of space and a chassis that elegantly captures all unevenness. I'm generally skeptical of the stability of tall, light cars like this, but the C3 AIrcross feels perfectly safe. The steering is not super sharp. It feels like you are sitting some distance from the wheels (increased SUV feeling), but I still have alright steering feel. Like many of the SUVs I've driven recently, it's important to be able to drive a bit actively on winding and hilly roads, - not to enter the bends too fast - so that you can give gas on the way out. If not, the car can easily start rolling. On country roads and Spanish motorways at 120 km/h, the comfort is fantastically good. A mile-eater of class!

c3 aircross experience — Colonel Sanders never disappoints!

Family package

Last time When I wrote about the C3 Aircross, I emphasized the car's characteristics as a family car. It is the versatility and the use of space that I am thinking of. The rear seats can be pushed forward to get more luggage. The passenger seat has fold-down backrests. The luggage compartment with the seats folded down is not huge - but 410 liters is very good for a car that is only 4,15 meters long. By pushing the rear seats forward, the luggage compartment can be increased to 520 under the hat shelf. However, with a maximum roof load of 40 kg, it is not suitable for all types of roof boxes.

Conclusion

Citroen C3 Aircross has 2 competitors from the same car group – Opel Crossland and Peugeot 2008. All are affordable and safe purchases. The choice will perhaps fall on look-and-feel - and which car do you want to be seen in? The apple-looking Peugeot? Or the side-drummed Opel? Then I would like to repeat what I have previously written about the Citroen C3 Aircross: It's a car you buy because you need a high-built small car - and want it to look like just that.

Practical and unfussy SUV with family car characteristics.

About the pictures

The photos were taken on a small excursion to Lac-de-la-Raho in the Pyrenees-Orientales, France. The lake is artificially dammed and is surrounded by a walkway measuring 6150 metres. We covered it in 1 hour and 20 minutes in 25 degrees Celsius and quite a bit of headwind. After the trip we stopped by KFC in Perpignan for a bucket of crispy fried chicken nuggets. Colonel Sanders never disappoints!

Facts about the Citroen C3 Aircross PureTech 130

Weights and Measures
Length, width, height: 416 / 177 / 164 cm
Wheelbase: 260 cm
Net weight: 1205 kg (without driver)
Max payload: 555 kg
Max trailer weight with brakes: 840 kg
– without brakes: 600 kg
Luggage compartment: 410-520 litres
Max roof load: 40 kg

Drivetrain
Engine: 1,2 PureTech 130 Start & Stop
Number of cylinders: 3
Displacement: 1199 ccm
Power: 130 HP at 5500 revs
Torque: Max 230 Nm at 1750 revolutions.
Gearbox: 6-speed automatic (EAT6)
Front wheel drive.

Performances
Top speed: 195 km/h
0-100: 9,2 seconds

consumption
City: 0,59 litres/mile
Country road: 0,45 litres/mile
Combined: 0,50 litres/mile
Own measurement: 0,50-0,55 litres/mile

Tires
Dimension: 215/50R17 91H
Type: Summer tire
Brand: Bridgestone Turanza

Price and equipment
C3 Aircross Shine Pack 1,2 PureTech 130 EAT6: 349
Paint supplement (Black Perla Nera): NOK 5
Grip Control and Hill Descent Assist: NOK 3 (recommended)

About the car
Place of manufacture: Zaragoza, Spain
Owner: Private
Model: 2021
Mileage: New
Km driven: 210
Source: Citroen.no

See

Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

Posted 29/01/2021 by Terje Bjørnstad

It has been among the top 10 best-selling cars in the past year. It is well done for a model that has been on the market for 7 years. Is the Outlander PHEV still around?

"- Nice SUV - Suitable for those who live a bit rural", my son commented when I dropped him off outside his apartment on Skillebekk in Oslo. The Outlander did fine on narrow city streets, but I imagine this is an ideal car for long distances on icy winter roads. Cold weather was still reported. We had intended to explore some nice country roads.

Dynamic front

I can't make sense of the design of the front party. Mitsubishi calls it "Dynamic Front" or something like that. It should reduce drag by 7%. To me it looks like there is a front mounted winch in the matte black area between the "bumper horns". Maybe it is the which makes us associate the Outlander PHEV with rural surroundings.

look and feel

"There were good seats!" exclaimed my wife. I totally agreed. I also sat very well. Alcantara in the seating surfaces surrounded by artificial leather works well. I found a right upright sitting position. Lots of space and a good overview. The steering wheel felt a bit thin - and actually reminded me of the steering wheel on the Land Rover Discovery. I spent some time getting to know myself. The gear lever shifts "by wire" where the gear selectors are fan-shaped. The Park button is hidden behind the gear lever.

Pleasant sound level

Interior sound level is in premium class. No audible noise from road and chassis. We drove on fairly soft 17-inch winter tires. The drive is very quiet. You have to look at the tachometer to see if the petrol engine is running. Interior acoustics are also very good. It is possible to have a muffled conversation at 110 km/h. But in the middle of this silence I could hear a faint buzz somewhere around 60-70 km/h. The buzzing seemed connected to the drivetrain, but was not in sync with the tachometer - not embarrassing either. Just wondering what made that sound?

On the road

Easy on the steering, but alright steering feel. There are different driving modes, such as sport, snow and off-road. I chose "normal". I prefer comfort over sport when sitting high and driving an SUV. The comfort is in premium class – in the city, on the motorway – and on country roads. There is plenty of power to allow you to slip into a busy road with your shoulders down and take the occasional pass. The road grip was superb, even on rural roads with icy sections. The Gislaved tires kept the car very effectively on track. So effective that we were only able to test the 4-wheel drive at launch.

mitsubishi outlander phev — A short stop on our village tour – Bettumveien in Våle

consumption

The official consumption figures for hybrid cars do not match reality. This is not Mitsubishi's fault. It is the measurement procedures. WLTP – mixed driving – gives a consumption of only 0,2 liters/mile. On long-distance driving, the consumption figures are different. We achieved 0,53 on a quiet country road down Bispeveien in Vestfold in 70 and 80 zones. On the motorway, we ended up with a consumption of 0,72. The paddles on the steering wheel make it possible to turn on regenerative engine braking. Down the Lierbakkene hills, the instruments showed that the battery range was increased. But don't forget to turn off the engine brake when you are down on flat ground. When driving with the engine brake on, fuel consumption can increase.

Range and charging

Rechargeable hybrids make it possible to drive to and from work on electricity, while driving a hybrid on long journeys. The range of the batteries according to WLTP - mixed driving - is stated to be 45 km. Charging from a plug takes 5,5 hours. From your own wall charger, you need a Type 1 cable. We didn't have that, so we couldn't charge. We could have fast-charged with ChaDeMo, but according to Mitsubishi it should take 25 minutes to fast-charge up to 80% or 36 km. Waste of time, considering that charging will then cost more than petrol. However, in order to check the power consumption in EV mode, we put the car in "Charge" mode to charge the batteries while driving. Based on 45% charge on the batteries, we could calculate a total real range of 37 km with a warm car at -6 degrees, with driving in densely built-up areas. In practice, most people should manage 30+ km under most conditions. This is completely in line with what most hybrid cars can do.

The drive

After the closure of the liquor stores in Oslo, we thought of driving to a pole far out in the country and hoarding. The Outlander has plenty of storage space. But then all the liquor stores opened again. We still took a trip to Revetal in inner Vestfold. There they have the Re-centre which luckily was open. They also have Poles. I knew Revetal well in the 70s. I went to secondary school there. Strange to sit on the second floor Burger King by the new BIBLIOTEKET and look at the traffic outside. Before, it was just a crossroads with one BP station and the shop to Inherit Spruce. On the other side of the crossing I remember that truck owner Johan Stranges beautiful muzzleloaders were lined up at the apartment building. Today, Revetal is a small town. A city that certainly looks like something that could have been built in the Midwest in the USA, - but the same...

Fox count — Parked in generous parking pockets in front of the Re-torvet shopping center at Revetal.

Place

One of my tests for space is whether I can fit my bike with the rear seats folded down. I got that without any problems. The trunk is nice to use. There is no loading edge, and you have recesses on the side for such things as a carrier bag, rucksack and helmet. Under the floor there is room for charging cables. The rear seat backs have two positions - vertical and inclined. Vertically, you can load a large square parcel and still be able to use the rear seats on short journeys. There is plenty of room for 5 adults in the compartment.

Safety

The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV was tested by NCAP in 2013. It then got good results in a side crash with a ram and damage extent "Marginal" in the pillar test from the side. No dolls suffered neck injuries when hit from behind. In a frontal collision, driver "Marginal" suffered damage to his right knee. The overall score was a decent 88%, but both cars and test procedures have been upgraded since 2013.

mitsubishi phev — Pleasant interior in alcantara and synthetic leather (rear seats in upright position).

Is the Outlander PHEV still around?

It's not best in class in some areas, but its range is no worse than the hybrid versions of the Audi Q5, Jeep Compass and Mercedes-Benz GLE. It has super comfort and is very quiet - better than the arch-rival Toyota RAV4 Plug-in. But the Toyota has both more power and better range and costs the same. The Toyota is also a newer model, but does not appear to be more "hi-tech" than the Mitsubishi. In terms of technology, the Outlander is certainly in line with other rechargeable SUVs. Mitsubishi's new Eclipse Cross PHEV comes with the same drivetrain, but does not offer as much space as its "grandfather" Outlander. The model will probably disappear from the model program shortly, although it could have withstood another round - at least in Norway.

Facts about the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

Weights and Measures
External dimensions - L, W, H: 470 x 180 x 171 cm
Wheelbase: 267 cm
Net weight: 1890 kg (without driver)
Payload: 425 kg
Total weight: 2390 kg
Number of seats: 5
Max trailer weight w/brakes: 1500 kg
– without brakes: 750 kg
Roof load: 80 kg

Drivetrain
Petrol engine: 2,4 liter (4 cyl) MIVEC
Power: 135 HP @ 4500 rpm
Torque: 211 Nm @ 4500 revs
Electric motor 1: Front, 82 HP, 137 Nm
Electric motor 2: Rear, 95 HP, 195 Nm
Total power: 230 HP
Gearbox: Stepless
S-AWC four-wheel drive based on electronic control of electric motors

Performances
Top speed: 170 km/h
0-100: 10,5 seconds

Electric car characteristics
Battery pack: 13,8 kw from GS Yuasa (Japan)
Battery cooling: Air
WLTP: 45 km (combined)
Own measurement: 37 km
Charging (10A socket): 5,5 hours
Quick charging (ChaDeMo): 25 minutes

consumption
WLTP: 0,20 litres/mile
Own measurement 70-80 km/h: 0,53 litres/mile
Own measurement 110 km/h: 0,72 litres/mile

Luggage compartment
As a five-seater*: 463 litres
*Can be increased by placing the rear seat backs in the vertical position.
As a two-seater: 1602 litres

Tires
Dimension: 225/65R17 102 T
Type: Spikeless winter
Brand: Gislaved Soft Frost

About the car
Place of manufacture: Okazaki, Japan
Colour: Titanium Grey
Equipment level: Instyle
Price: NOK 505
Rented via the app Rent
Model: 2020
Mileage: 1623
Km driven: 200
Source: Mitsubishi.no, Vegvesen.no

Pictures of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

See

Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

It doesn't win any beauty contests, nor any range tests, - and the luggage capacity is not much to brag about. But it has a fantastically good four-wheel drive. **See more**

How much petrol does a plug-in hybrid use?

Family car? Toyota RAV4!

Posted 15/07/2020 by Terje Bjørnstad

If someone asks me to recommend a good family car, I answer "Toyota RAV4". User-friendly, easy to drive, reliable and big enough for a family. No one will come back later and claim that I was wrong.

Improved hybrid solution

Those of us who like to drive have probably not exactly praised Toyota's hybrid drivetrain and CVT transmission over the 20 years it has been produced. But now Toyota has finally started to get a turn on its hybrid solutions. The new Corolla and C-HR provide excellent consumption figures without spoiling the driving pleasure. The RAV4 has received 3 engines, 2 at the front and 1 at the rear. The four-wheel solution is called e-Four and is controlled by the rear electric motor being switched on when needed – electronically. No additional shafts, couplings and linings.

Saved the day

I actually got to test the four-wheel solution. While looking for a "location" for a photoshoot in rough terrain, one front wheel ended up halfway in a wet ditch. It was heading further down. With my heart in my throat, I straightened the wheels and put the car in reverse - calmly ... If the wheel had started to spin, I would have been sold. Fortunately, I could feel how the electric motor grabbed the rear wheel and slowly and silently pulled us up without any problems.

The four-wheel drive system requires electricity

Luckily I didn't run out of power. I wonder how hybrid four-wheel solutions with an electric auxiliary motor work when the batteries are empty of power. Purely theoretical, then. Under normal conditions, you rarely need to engage the rear wheels and rarely for more than a few seconds at a time. It doesn't take much to save the day.

Popular family car

There is no doubt that the SUVs have taken shares from the station wagon market. The typical family car is undoubtedly an SUV, such as the Toyota RAV4. I borrowed "mine" through one of the car sharing services. I have followed and seen that the RAV4 cars are rarely inside. This summer, everyone is going on holiday in Norway. It was so close that I managed to hijack a RAV4 between two week-long leases.

Place

The space conditions in the compartment are very good. The back seat accommodates 3 adults, where the middle passenger can also sit comfortably. Plenty of space for rear-facing child seats. The luggage compartment is 580 liters with an intermediate plate that ensures threshold-free loading. It is good to have a living room. The boot in the RAV4 is larger than in the Audi Q5 (both diesel and hybrid), as well as the Volvo XC60 and Honda CR-V. It is not bad considering that there is an electric motor under the luggage.

RAV4 dashboard — Behind the wheel, common functions are intuitive and user-friendly

look and feel

“No more boring cars!” has been declared by the president of Toyota. I like Toyota’s new style. The RAV4 looks good – much better than all its predecessors combined. I also like the interior. The front seats are wide and comfortable. They actually remind me a bit of the seats in a Volvo. The interior, on the other hand, is not quite Volvo – but still alright. The user interface is intuitive. Anyone can get in, tune in to a radio channel and drive away. At first I found a fairly low seating position with some distance to the steering wheel. It worked fine, but after a while I felt more comfortable sitting a little higher and closer to the steering wheel. With the entire front section in my field of vision, and my arm on the center armrest, I almost had the feeling of steering a Range Rover.

On the road

Three different driving modes can be selected. Eco, Normal and Sport. I drove on Normal all the time, except for short periods when I was testing the other choices. I see no point in choosing anything other than Normal.

The control
The steering is speed-sensitive. I thought the steering feel was best on quiet country roads. As the steering resistance increased on the motorway, some of the feeling with the road grip also disappeared. At parking speed, the steering is ultra-light and insensitive.

The soundscape
The soundscape consists of road hiss in a slightly annoying tone. It could have been more muted. You hardly hear the engine - but when you do, it produces a pleasant - slightly rough - sound reminiscent of a V6 engine.

The hybrid solution and the CVT transmission
The hybrid solution no longer sends the revs of the engine into the clouds like the previous generation could do. It still happens that the gearbox drops the revs higher than I like, but not more than I can live with. I guess that's part of the hybrid concept. Maybe it is needed to charge the batteries occasionally? Otherwise, the batteries are supplied with energy during normal braking, and a little when you let off the gas. By manually downshifting on downhill slopes, the car brakes on the petrol engine without charging.

The suspension
Soft in the suspension, I thought on my way out of the parking garage. But it seems that the soft part of the suspension only happens early in the suspension travel to catch small bumps. When the chassis was subjected to greater forces, it proved taut enough to provide good traction. The RAV4 feels heavy and confident on the road.

RAV4 Style interior — Fine leather seats in RAV4 "Style"

consumption

I started the trip by driving from Løren to Skedsmovollen to refuel the car. There is a motorway all the way. With frequent lane changes, varying speeds and a slightly heavy pedal, consumption ended up at 0,57 liters per mile. I think it's a fairly realistic consumption - plus, minus. Plus in case of load and strain on the air conditioning. Minus for a quieter driving style. I continued my journey along quieter country roads with a few stops along the way. After 80 km, the average consumption ended at 0,44 liters per mile for the entire trip in total. This is good for a large family car with over 200 horses.

Safety

Euro NCAP
The Toytota RAV was tested in 2019. The report states that the side airbags were obstructed by parts from the interior so that they did not provide maximum protection in the event of side pillar collisions. The result for head injuries in side collisions was therefore downgraded from "Good" to "Adequate". There were otherwise no particular critical remarks about the tests.
Read the full report from Euro NCAP here

Swedish moose test
As known introduced Teknikens world in its day the term "moose test". It's an evasive maneuver at highway speed. The Toyota RAV4 was "failed" in the moose test when the RAV4 was tested in 2019. The car barely managed 68 km/h with a super-skilled driver behind the wheel. Other cars, such as the Nissan Qashqai, covered 84 km/h. The criticism against Toyota is that the anti-skid system does not reduce the speed sufficiently. Toyota stated in January this year that it has upgraded the anti-skid system for the RAV4, - not only to pass the moose test, but also because the system did not react quickly enough at highway speeds. The new system has not yet been tested in any production model and it is uncertain whether Toyota will upgrade previous cars. Let me also add that I found the RAV4 to be far more stable on the road than the Qashqai.

RAV4 room sauce — Environment-creating art at Romsås

Conclusion

The fact that I previously recommended the RAV4 to families with children does not mean that I liked the model myself. I do that now, because of the new hybrid solution and the tough look. Therefore, I will continue to recommend the RAV4, preferably with four-wheel drive.

All-wheel drive can save your day 🙂

Facts about the Toyota RAV4 AWD-i

Weights and Measures
Length, width, height: 460 / 186 / 169 cm
Wheelbase: 269 cm
Net weight without driver: 1645 kg (vehicle license)
Max trailer weight with brakes: 1650 kg
– without brakes: 750 kg
Max trailer weight: 3875 kg

Engines
Engine 1: 2,5 four-cylinder front-mounted petrol engine. VVT-iE, Dynamic Force (A25A-FXS) 178 HP, torque 221 Nm between 3600-5200 revs.
Motor 2: Front-mounted electric motor of 120 HP, torque 202 Nm constant.
Motor 3: Rear-mounted electric motor of 54 HP, torque 121 Nm constant.
Total power: 222 HP
Transmission: e-CVT AWD-i (continuously variable automatic)
Four-wheel drive system: e-Four. Main features on the front wheels and rear wheels which are connected electronically from the rear-mounted electric motor.

Tires
Bridgestone Alenza 225/60R18 H

Performances
Top speed: 180 km/h
0-100: 8,1 seconds

consumption
Mixed (NEDC): 0,45 l/mile
Combined (WLTP): 0,57 l/mile
Own measurement (19 km motorway): 0,57 l/mile
Own measurement (80 km mixed): 0,44 l/mile

Prices
483 (Style Hybrid AWD)
7 (paint addition white pearl / black)

About the car
Country of manufacture: Takaoka, Japan
Registered: July 2019
Mileage: 16248
Km driven: 80
Sources: Carriage cards, toyota.no
Owner: Hertz Car pool
The car is rented via Hertz Car pool

Pictures of the Toyota RAV4

All images can be viewed in large format by clicking on them.

For everyone who likes to drive

Diesel

The trip

Instruments and DNA

Chosen with the heart…

… And with the head?

Loss of value

Place

Conclusion

Facts Alfa Romeo Stelvio 2,2 JTD

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Brief model history

Petrol guzzler?

Big car

Daytrippers

Comfort

On old roads

0,85 per mile

35 km range

Unwanted engine noise

Place

Safety

Conclusion

Facts Volvo XC90 Recharge

Only sold as a hybrid in Norway

Works fine in practice

Sister model to the Ford Escape

Big enough as a family car

On the road

SUV without four-wheel drive

consumption

Charging and range

Safety

Conclusion

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SUV and lifestyle

The news in a nutshell

Engines

Modern drivetrain

Lots of SUV feeling

Family package

Conclusion

About the pictures

Facts about the Citroen C3 Aircross PureTech 130

See

Dynamic front

look and feel

Pleasant sound level

On the road

consumption

Range and charging

The drive

Place

Safety

Is the Outlander PHEV still around?

Facts about the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

Pictures of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

See

Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

Improved hybrid solution

Saved the day

The four-wheel drive system requires electricity

Popular family car

Place

look and feel

On the road

consumption

Safety

Conclusion

Facts about the Toyota RAV4 AWD-i

Pictures of the Toyota RAV4

See